It applies to all projects that don't meet stated objectives and cost/benefit goals.
If that describes all projects, then our government needs to do a better (more honest) job at estimating things that involve our tax dollars. As it stands, they know they can lie to get the project approved, and then keep taking more and more money and time because "that's how we always do it".
You can't get anyone to change if you have zero accountability.
Dimwit.
Being in the .gov side I just want to add that there are some SUPER aggressive, shady, smart, whatever contractors out there. As a former consulting design engineer, it as common place to have contractors bid low and then change order, run excuses for more time, etc to get the project and then get their money back. It's just risen to a WHOLE new level now in the construction industry. That and a situation were the litigation side tends to favor the contractor, so that only emboldens the contractor even more to try stuff. On top of that, are government reps agreeing to contractor calls for additional compensation, time, etc in order go avoid conflict/litigation. On a current job, where the contractor put in for a huge change for additional and I felt that the contract documents were clear that the contract documents included the work that they contractor was claiming. The legal counsel and construction manager both felt that we would lose in litigation, so they just rolled over and negotiated a change. Well, that also opened up the door to a bunch of other requests for change. . .
Anyways, NOT AT ALL defending the government side in rail, but I have also heard that the contractor(s) have been pressing for and getting a bunch of changes that I wouldn't see warranted. This is especially when you have big mainland JVs or LLCs coming in that don't care if they burn bridges.