It's basically impossible to shoot out a 22 barrel, because the pressure is so low. I think 5.56 is similarly easy on throats, but I could be wrong on that. I know that throat erosion is a much bigger problem with larger calibers using more powder to push velocity higher. I think in order to really notice the early stages, you'd have to be shooting off a bench pretty regularly and measuring your groups to a fraction of an inch, like competition benchrest shooters do. If you're just shooting it off the bench to check zero, or eyeballing the group against the MOA grid, you're probably not going to notice a difference for quite a while.
Throat erosion in something like a .243 (.308 case necked down to .243) can start to affect accuracy fairly quickly, but it all depends on how hot your loads are, how hot you let the barrel get while shooting, quality of the barrel steel, etc, etc, etc.