Most likely doomsday scenario for Hawaii?
My somewhat educated guess, from hanging out with the NOAA and civil defense types a bit: locally generated tsunami.
If the great crack on the big island decides to let go and slide off into the ocean a local sea level rise could be as high as 1000 feet and would hit Oahu in less than 30 minutes. But we get it easy: the wave that hits the west coast of the the Americas would sit up on the continental shelf and be up to 5000 feet. The wind of its advance would destroy most of the west coast before the water even hit. It would ride over the coast ranges into the central valley and wash up against the Sierra Nevadas. It has happened before, they think when the Molokai Slide happened. Dates match the layers of deep pacific shell litter found near the TOP of the Sierra Nevadas.
Most likely doomsday scenario that affects Hawaii?
Economic collapse. If the ships stop coming for any reason most of us are screwed. Which is really a damned shame since the islands have more than enough potential food production capacity to feed all of us and then some. We just don't do that because shipping everything in makes a certain group of people a hell of a lot more money than a local food economy could ever hope to.
Need proof? Current estimate of Hawaii population? ~1.4 million. Amount of resources imported? 94% Population at the time of contact: estimated as high as 1 million, no accurate numbers exist. Amount of resources imported? 0%
The key to that degree of sustainability - at least where food is concerned - were the fish ponds, well established taro loi and sweet potato fields. Almost all of those have been destroyed, but if we wanted to build a local food economy we could relatively easily feed everyone. For example, a commercial organic rice grower from California was working on a project that I was also. In the course of our travels around the Big Island for that project... marveled that we weren't growing rice. "Just a fraction of the suitable land I've seen not in use could supply the entire state with rice and probably have some left over for export."
The primary defense against some of the most likely doomsday scenarios that the islands face is actually a healthy, robust and redundant local food supply. The same is true of most places on the mainland, by the way. We should all be up in arms about it here, really. We can grow food all year long, for crying out loud. There is no need for us to be afraid of the day the ships stop coming except that the current economic priorities don't favor any kind of local food supply. It doesn't produce tax revenue like tourism, development and raising land tax values.
But if it ever does come down to serious SHTF and the ships stop coming for the foreseeable future there are 2 groups of people that will rule the islands: the military and the farmers. Everyone else would be very, very wise to be friends with both.