Please peruse the works of Dr. Willy Kauai for a more detailed explanation of Citizenship of Hawaii.
https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/dce59b0b-a644-4b1b-957e-dafb2669755d/content
I read through the first 40+ pages, skimmed through the middle, and read the last few.
I think the bulk of the doctoral dissertation was nothing more than a history lesson sprinkled throughout with "ILLEGAL ANNEXATION!"
The key takeaway for me was this: before the US annexation., everyone who was a subject to the monarchy was labeled a citizen of Hawaii. Once the monarchy was dissolved and replaced with a constitutional framework, the concept of citizenship became extremely ambiguous and confusing.
He blames the change in citizenship definition on the racial or ethnic paradigm imported from the US, since the census bureau uses ethnicity and race for many purposes including government representation.
While that might be where the structure originated, the racial and ethnic components were a natural result of the kingdom no longer treating everyone as subjects. Chicken vs. egg, The Matrix's Oracle ("Would you have broken the vase anyway if i didn't say don't worry about it?"). The US was the cause of the monarchy's dissolution, but was it really the primary cause of how Hawaiians define themselves racially? In the absence of historical or monarchy rules, maybe the natural progression is to use race and ethnicity as a substitute, especially with more people of foreign nationality moving here.
Regardless, all he did was go into the historical and anecdotal descriptions of why and how calling oneself "Hawaiian" has changed, and that it remains ambiguous, confusing and not going to be resolved anytime soon.
It's impossible to demand
Hawaiian Sovereignty when you can't even get a consensus on the definition of what it means to be "Hawaiian." Not in 1898, not in 1954, and not in 1990 -- but in 2023. Native Americans had a more static structure of citizenship via tribal membership. race and ethnicity are NOT proper attributes to determine citizenship because under the monarchy, neither of those were factors -- only that you were under the jurisdiction of the Kingdom.